What is the effect of over-kneading bread dough?

Over-kneading bread dough leads to the development of too much gluten, which can result in a dense and tough bread. When dough is kneaded, the gluten proteins in flour are activated and start to align and strengthen, creating elasticity. However, if the dough is over-kneaded, it can become overly elastic and restrictive, preventing the dough from sufficiently expanding during fermentation and baking. The result is a loaf that doesn't rise well and has a dense crumb structure, making it less appealing and difficult to chew.

The other options do not accurately reflect the effects of over-kneading. While kneading is essential for developing the right texture up to a point, too much kneading clearly leads to the adverse effect of toughness. Additionally, over-kneading does not enhance rising or flavor; in fact, it can compromise both. Proper kneading is critical for achieving the desired balance of structure and texture in bread, underscoring why understanding the consequences of over-kneading is vital for successful baking.